I've had a few friends ask me about kitchen knives recently, and also had the experience of purchasing a couple knives at Williams Sonoma and Sur La Table lately, so thought I'd just provide an opinion based on my experiences buying and using chefs knives, paring knives, utility knives, specialty knives, and the santoku. I'm a gastro geek and cutlery enthusiast to be sure, but I'll try to present this assuming you don't own anything but a table knife.
The first thing to consider when buying a knife is how it feels in your hand. If you get into cooking and cook a few big meals, you'll soon find the prep work will make you sore if you're using a knife that doesn't fit your hand. It should feel balanced, comfortable, and just like it belongs there. It's hard to describe this aspect of the purchase process more effectively, but it is maybe the most essential need you must satisfy, so get over the brands, the full tang, the forged versus cast, and all the other nuances for a minute. Just go to a cooking store and hold a few chefs knives, don't buy anything yet despite the excitement you might feel. A good salesperson will understand the importance of this step in the knife selection process and should be willing to leave you with multiple knives to hold and mimic chopping, picking it up, etc. Personally, Wusthof Classic fits my hand the best. I tried Shun, Global, and Henckels and found the Wusthof line to be the one that felt like it belonged in my hand, for the chef's knife anyway.
Next, figure out a budget. Do you want to spend $100, $200, $300? Do you want 1 good knife, 2, or 3? If you want to be able to cover most of the prep tasks, 3 knives is the way to go, but if you want to start building out a good collection and dive head first into this cooking thing, get a high quality chef's knife and use it for almost everything.
If you will be content with three knives, I'd say an 8" chef's knife, a 6" utility knife, and a paring knife will provide you with coverage of 90% of the tasks you'll take on at the cutting board. At the ~$100 budget level, I'd go for a
Wusthof Gourmet Collection 8" Chef's Knife, the
Kershaw Wasabi Collection 6" Yanagiba Knife, and the
Wusthof Gourmet Collection Flat Paring Knife; estimated cost of $105. The Wustof Gourmet line are stamped versus cast, but the manufacturing process for most of the good knife manufacturers does not mean these are inferior knives in the least. The metal composition is the same and the laser sharpening process is the same for the Gourmet line. Similarly, the Kershaw knife is made by the parent company who manufactures Shun knives.
In my experience, the quality of Wusthof and Kershaw / Shun has always been exceptional for manufactured knives, to do much better you'd be looking at several hundred dollars for a single custom knife. Henckels makes good knives as well for the most part, but I've had a couple Henckels crack through normal use after only a brief period of time; no I wasn't trying to pry open a can or anything crazy, I think the metal composition of the Henckels is just a bit more brittle than the Wusthof. I can't comment on global, but would be happy to try out a paring knife or whatever if a Global rep is reading this (can't blame me for trying, I recently ALMOST bought a global paring knife, as you'll soon see this may be inevitable for me). Don't let my experience turn you off of Henckels here, your mileage may vary, and brittleness of the metal is not necessarily a bad thing, this can be beneficial in the sharpness of the edge one can obtain; my opinion is just based on heavy use and limited budget, I count on having the same knife for 5-10 years at least, so in this regard I favor Wustof for it's durability. In this regard, Shun are fantastic knives, but if you decide to purchase one you'll need to be more diligent about it's care; leaving it wet for even a few minutes may result in rust and divots in your edge as these are not stainless knives like the Global, Victorinox, Henckels or Wusthof. The Kershaw branded knives (same manufacturer as Shun) I believe generally are stainless knives as well, but make sure you know whether you're buying a stainless knife or not.
Back to our 3 knife buying process, at the ~$200 budget level, I'd recommend a
Wustof Classic Collection 8" Chef's Knife, the
Victorinox Forged 6" Utility Knife, and again the Wusthof Gourmet Collection Flat Paring Knife; estimated cost $195. At this budget level, you have enough to invest to justify going for a high quality forged chef's knife (your most important knife), and also get into a forged model for the utility knife with a good manufacturer which is more popular in Europe than the US.
At the ~$300 budget level, you're ready to start a serious cutlery collection with 3 knives that will serve you well for 10 years or more. I'd again recommend the Wustof Classic 8" Chef's Knife, the
Shun Classic 6" utility knife, and the
Wusthof Classic Euro Flat Paring Knife; estimated cost $250-270 and all pictured below.
If you're only going to buy one knife, if it's not obvious already I'd recommend the Wusthof Classic 8" chef's knife, this will be your workhorse so invest most heavily in your chef's knife; if you're giving a gift to someone who wants or needs good cutlery, you can't go wrong with this, I wish I had 2 of these sometimes. One cautionary note, in past and recent shopping experiences I've had sales people really push the Santoku over a traditional chef's knife. The sales pitches claimed of how food doesn't stick to it as much, even the wildly inaccurate claim that it's sharper. In my experience the Santoku is marginally better than a chef's knife at only a couple tasks, but in the large my experience suggests it is less durable and much less useful than a traditional chef's knife. Again your mileage may vary, but I have had a Santoku crack and typically these have lost their edge much more quickly than my chefs' knives.
Beyond what I would call your basic three knives, you'll have a need for a wonderfully crappy paring knife which you will abuse more often than you might think, you'll probably want to cut bread, you may need to crack bones, you could want to cut meat very thinly, and you'll do a tremendous amount of prep with fruits and vegetables of all sizes and shapes.
On this last point, you may find that you are soon longing for another paring or utility knife that does things a little bit differently or is of a slightly different design, shape or size. I'm a bit of a freak in this area as demonstrated by my small arsenal of utility and paring knives below. When you're working with small things or doing things that require a high attention to detail, having options is handy.
From top to bottom,
Wusthof Classic 5" Serrated Utility Knife,
Wusthof Classic 4 1/2" Utility Knife,
Henckels TWIN Pro-S Classic Parer,
Lamsonsharp Grandma's Paring Knife,
L'Econome Paring Knife,
Wusthof Classic 3 1/2" Paring Knife,
Wusthof Classic 3" Serrated Paring Knife, and the aforementioned Wusthof Classic 3" Euro Flat Edge Paring Knife. The L'Econome is my "beat the heck out of it wonderfully crappy knife" which does all the menial chores like cutting open a hunk of cheese, or coming with me to the couch to eat some cheese and crackers; it's not a crappy knife at all, a bargain really, but I can treat it like a crappy knife when I need to or am just too mired in cooking to care. The Grandma knife functions similar to a bird's beak knife in having a concave edge which is helpful with some peeling tasks as it is round enough and flexible enough to work great with pears for example; I'm not sure I'll ever get a bird's beak knife (never say never) but the full arc on the bird's beak turned me off a bit, while this knife has proven versatile for the same type of tasks. I have nothing bad to say about the various traditional utility and paring knifes with a straight edge as these served me well to this day, but the fav is without a doubt the recently acquired flat edge euro paring knife at the bottom; it just fits better and the edge remains closer to whatever I'm peeling; it's probably a 50-100% improvement in efficiency for me versus the traditional parers. The serrated utility and serrated paring knife still show up on the cutting board a bit, but these are generally reserved for unglamorous tasks like pitting olives, tasks which I don't want to dull my other knives on really.
The specialty knives group serve not uncommon but specialized tasks in the kitchen. From top to bottom:
Wusthof Classic Bread Knife,
Wusthof Classic 6" Chef's Knife,
Wusthof Gourmet Hollow Ground Meat Slicer,
Henckels Twin Five Star 5-1/2-Inch Flexible Boning Knife, and
Wustof 7" Classic Cleaver. If you want to halve a beef bone, a clever is the right tool for the job; it is heavy, blunt, and you don't care if it has a perfect edge after cracking bones a few times. Boning a chicken, filleting a fish, or removing the silverskin from a tenderloin are tasks made for a flexible boning knife; a fillet knife and a firm boning knife are probably better individual choices if you're doing a tone of tasks like these, but this knife is a good compromise between these two and I've been very happy with it. The bread knife is a no brainer unless you like crushing your bread with a straight edge knife, but if I had to do over again, I'd probably not buy a full set of knives; cutting bread can be accomplished just as well with a stamped knife. If you're into lox or carpaccio, the hollow edge slicer is a must have. Finally and most importantly, if you're going to build that collection beyond the 4 knives and you cook a lot, I'd honestly recommend another smaller chef's knife. Along with a crappy paring knife for menial tasks, the next most useful knife from the top 3 for me is the 6" chef's knife; prepping big meals means dirtying multiple knives, so it's always been handy for me to have a second chef's knife.
Stepping into the realm of knife geekdom for a moment, 2 other knives which make occasional appearances (especially when prepping for parties) are the
Wusthof Classic 10" Chef's Knife and the
Wusthof Mezzaluna.
These knives might appear excessive to some, but if you have to cut up boxes of fresh herbs or need to prep large things like melons, fabricate rib roasts, or dice a box of texas onions, etc, these two come in mighty handy.
Almost last, and in my opinion least (again the normal caveats apply about your mileage), is the lonely Santoku ... a knife that only comes out if it must because all three chef's knives are covered in mise en place muck. This is the only knife I now regret purchasing, and somehow I ended up with 2 of these. Some people, especially sales people, seem really excited about it but I just don't get it; if you like yours, well good for you. For my money, if I'm going to invest in any more Japenese style knives I'd much prefer a
Yanagi or a
Nakiri to a Santoku.
Finally, there are many other specialty knives out there, some I have, some are on my list (like this
Sanelli (maybe it will make me cook like Mario ;-) ), and some are not (like a
tomato knife, if you need this what you really need is to sharpen your knives, or
this thing, whatever, maybe it's the best thing ever, just smells gimmicky to me). If you're starting out with building a collection, start with the big 3, these will serve you well. Avoid sets, there's no reason to buy a premium bread knife, and there's even less reason to buy a premium santoku unless you're more concerned about how your knives look in your kitchen than how they function. Holler with questions if you think I can help with your purchase.